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Population
Turkmenistan has a population of approximately 6 million people (as of 2023). The majority of the population consists of Turkmen, making up about 85% of the total. There are also smaller ethnic minorities, including Uzbeks, Russians, and Kazakhs. Most of the population lives in rural areas, although urbanization has increased in recent years.
Capital
The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashgabat, a modern city known for its monumental architecture, wide avenues, and numerous marble structures. Ashgabat serves as the country’s political, economic, and cultural center.
Economic Strength
Turkmenistan’s economy is heavily reliant on its vast natural gas reserves, which are among the largest in the world. The country also exports oil and cotton. However, the economy remains highly state-controlled, and diversification is limited. The private sector plays a smaller role, with the government striving to modernize and diversify the economy, particularly in agriculture and construction.
Culture
Turkmenistan’s culture is deeply influenced by its nomadic past and Islamic traditions. The country has a rich heritage of carpet weaving, horse breeding (especially the Akhal-Teke horse), and epic poetry. Sunni Islam is central to daily life, and Turkmen is the official language. Turkmen cuisine and celebrations such as Nowruz (Persian New Year) are important cultural elements.
Currency
The official currency of Turkmenistan is the Turkmenistan Manat (TMT). The exchange rate is controlled by the state, and the Manat has been devalued multiple times in recent years, leading to economic challenges for many citizens.
Health Insurance and Social Security System
Turkmenistan provides a state-run healthcare system, which is free for citizens. However, the quality and availability of medical services vary significantly, especially in rural areas. The country also has a social security system that provides pensions, health benefits, and disability support. The system is mainly funded by contributions from employers and employees, although benefits are often limited due to government control.
Employer Costs
Employers in Turkmenistan are required to contribute to the social security system, covering part of pension and health insurance benefits. The contribution rate is around 20% of an employee’s gross salary. Employers are also responsible for paying the minimum wage and providing other employment benefits.
Salary and Bonuses
Salaries in Turkmenistan vary by sector and region, but the overall standard of living remains relatively low. The minimum wage is approximately 957 TMT per month (as of 2023). While annual bonuses are common, particularly in larger companies or the public sector, they are not mandated by law.
Payslip
Salaries in Turkmenistan are typically paid on a monthly basis. Employers are required to pay wages on time and make the necessary deductions for taxes and social security contributions. Employees must be provided with a detailed payslip showing all deductions and payments.
Public Holidays
Turkmenistan observes several public holidays, including both religious and national celebrations. Major holidays include:
- Nowruz (Persian New Year, March 21)
- Independence Day (October 27)
- Day of Neutrality (December 12)
- International Women’s Day (March 8)
- Constitution and National Unity Day (May 18)
On these holidays, employees are entitled to a day off or additional compensation if required to work.
Working Hours
The standard workweek in Turkmenistan is 40 hours, typically spread over five or six days, depending on the employment contract. Overtime is permitted but must be compensated at a rate of at least 50% above the normal hourly wage.
Leave
Employees in Turkmenistan are entitled to at least 24 days of paid annual leave. In addition, employees are entitled to paid special leave for personal events such as weddings or family emergencies. Maternity leave is set at a minimum of 112 days, with 56 days before and 56 days after childbirth.
Sick Leave
In the event of illness, employees are entitled to paid sick leave, covered by the Social Security Fund. The amount of sick pay depends on the length of employment and the contributions made. Employees must provide a medical certificate to qualify for sick leave.
Termination/Severance
Terminations in Turkmenistan must comply with the country’s labor laws. The notice period typically ranges from two weeks to one month, depending on the length of employment. Employees may be entitled to severance pay in certain cases, especially for economic layoffs. Severance is typically calculated as one month’s salary for each year of employment.