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Population
Kazakhstan has a population of approximately 19.8 million people (as of 2023). The country is ethnically diverse, with Kazakhs being the largest ethnic group, followed by Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, and other minorities. Due to the vast size of the country, population density is very low, with many people living in cities, while rural areas remain sparsely populated.
Capital
The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana (formerly known as Nur-Sultan). Astana became the capital in 1997 and is known for its modern architecture and status as the political and economic center of the country. However, Almaty, the former capital, remains the cultural and economic hub of Kazakhstan.
Economic Strength
Kazakhstan is the largest economy in Central Asia, heavily reliant on natural resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. The country is one of the world’s leading exporters of oil and gas and has significant reserves of mineral resources. In recent years, Kazakhstan has taken steps to diversify its economy by investing in agriculture, transportation, and digitalization. The GDP per capita is relatively high compared to other countries in the region.
Culture
Kazakhstan’s culture is a blend of nomadic traditions and modern influences. Kazakh culture is rooted in its history as a nomadic people, with traditions such as Adyrna (music), Kokpar (horse sport), and strong hospitality customs. Islam, especially Sunni Islam, plays an important role in the daily life of many Kazakhs. National holidays such as Republic Day and Nauryz, the New Year celebration based on the Persian calendar, hold great cultural significance. The Soviet past has also left a lasting influence on Kazakh culture.
Currency
The official currency of Kazakhstan is the Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT). The exchange rate fluctuates, and the currency has been devalued in recent years to support exports.
Health Insurance and Social Security System
Kazakhstan has a state-run healthcare system that provides basic medical services to all citizens. Private health insurance is also available, offering more comprehensive coverage. The social security system includes pensions, unemployment benefits, and sickness benefits. Both employees and employers contribute to the state social security system, with the employer contributing about 9.5% of the salary toward social security.
Employer Costs
Employers in Kazakhstan are responsible for social security contributions, health insurance, and payroll taxes. Social security contributions total 9.5% of the employee’s gross salary. Additionally, contributions to pension funds are required. Depending on the industry and employer, additional benefits such as transportation or housing allowances may also be provided.
Salary and Bonuses
Salaries in Kazakhstan vary significantly by region and sector. The average monthly salary is around 220,000 KZT (approximately 470 EUR). Sectors such as energy and finance offer significantly higher salaries. Bonuses are common and are typically paid at the end of the year or when company goals are achieved.
Payroll
Employers are required to issue detailed monthly payslips, breaking down base salary, bonuses, and deductions for taxes and social security contributions. Payroll records must meet transparency requirements and comply with legal standards.
Public Holidays
Kazakhstan observes a number of public holidays, including both religious and national celebrations. Major holidays include:
- New Year (January 1-2)
- International Women’s Day (March 8)
- Nauryz Meyrami (March 21-23)
- Republic Day (October 25)
- Independence Day (December 16-17)
Additionally, there are other holidays influenced by Islam.
Working Hours
The standard working hours in Kazakhstan are 40 hours per week, typically spread over five days. The daily working time is usually 8 hours, with overtime regulated by law and compensated with either additional pay or time off.
Vacation
Employees in Kazakhstan are entitled to a minimum of 24 days of paid annual leave, in addition to public holidays. Some employment contracts may provide additional leave for special occasions or based on length of service.
Sick Leave
In the event of illness or injury, employees are entitled to sick leave. The first few days of sick leave are usually fully paid by the employer, while longer absences are covered by the state social security system. A medical certificate is required to claim sick leave.
Termination/Severance
Kazakhstan’s labor law mandates that both employees and employers must observe a notice period, typically one month. In cases of involuntary termination, employees are entitled to severance pay, which varies depending on the length of employment and the terms of the contract. Severance typically amounts to one to two months’ salary, depending on the employee’s length of service.