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Population
Eswatini has approximately 12 million inhabitants (as of 2023). It is one of the smallest countries in Africa and has a young population. The majority of the people belong to the Swazi ethnic group, and the population is predominantly rural.
Capital
Eswatini has two capitals: Mbabane, the administrative capital, and Lobamba, which is the royal and legislative seat. Mbabane is also the economic center of the country.
Economic Power
Eswatini’s economy is based primarily on agriculture, processing industries, and the service sector. The main agricultural products include sugar, timber, and citrus fruits. Despite its small size, Eswatini has a relatively diversified economy but suffers from high unemployment and poverty. The country is heavily dependent on South Africa, its largest trading partner, and is known for its textile and garment industry, which is a major employer.
Culture
Eswatini’s culture is deeply rooted in Swazi traditions and customs. The monarchy plays a central role in daily life, and traditional ceremonies like Umhlanga (Reed Dance) and Incwala (Harvest Ceremony) are important cultural events. The society is highly hierarchical and patriarchal, and religion (mainly Christianity, mixed with traditional beliefs) plays a significant role.
Currency
The official currency of Eswatini is the Lilangeni (SZL), which is pegged 1:1 to the South African Rand (ZAR). The Rand is also accepted as legal tender in the country.
Health Insurance and Social Security System
Eswatini has a basic public healthcare system, which is often underfunded and operates with limited resources. There is no mandatory health insurance, and healthcare services are often inadequate, particularly in rural areas. Private health insurance and medical services are available for higher-income individuals. The social security system is managed by the Eswatini National Provident Fund, which covers pensions, work accident insurance, and other basic social security benefits.
Costs for Employers
Employers in Eswatini must contribute to social security. Pension contributions amount to about 10% of gross salary (5% from the employer and 5% from the employee). Employers may also offer additional benefits, such as private health insurance, but are not obligated to do so.
Salaries and Bonuses
Salaries in Eswatini vary significantly depending on the sector and qualifications. The minimum wage is low and often insufficient to cover living costs. Bonuses are not legally required but may be provided as performance incentives.
Payroll
Payroll in Eswatini must account for statutory deductions for taxes and social security contributions. Employers are responsible for correctly calculating and remitting these contributions.
Public Holidays
Public holidays in Eswatini include New Year’s Day (January 1), Good Friday, Easter Monday, Labor Day (May 1), Independence Day (September 6), Christmas (December 25), and Boxing Day (December 26). Traditional holidays based on cultural and religious customs are also observed.
Working Hours
The regular working hours are 45 hours per week, typically spread over five working days. Overtime is legally regulated and must be compensated.
Vacation
Employees are entitled to at least 12 paid vacation days per year, depending on the length of employment and individual contracts. Paid public holidays are also observed.
Incapacity for Work
In cases of illness, employees must provide a medical certificate. Sick pay depends on the employment contract and is not always covered by the public system. Social security for illness is limited, and many workers rely on employer support.
Termination/Severance Pay
The labor law in Eswatini mandates that terminations must be justified and come with an appropriate notice period, which varies based on the length of service. Severance pay is not always required but may be provided in cases of wrongful dismissal or as stipulated by individual contracts and collective agreements